(KV) cache into a latent vector, while DeepSeekMoE enables training strong models at an economical cost through sparse computation. Compared with DeepSeek 67B, DeepSeek-V2 achieves significantly stronger 7 2.1.3 Decoupled Rotary Position Embedding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.1.4 Comparison of Key-Value Cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2 DeepSeekMoE: Training D.1 Ablation of MHA, GQA, and MQA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 D.2 Comparison Between MLA and MHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 E Discussion About Pre-Training

Inference Costs Per Token Falling = Performance Converging + Developer Usage Rising • AI Usage + Cost + Loss Growth = Unprecedented • AI Monetization Threats = Rising Competition + Open-Source Momentum Rising + Inference Costs Per Token Falling = Performance Converging + Developer Usage Rising 3 Cost of Key Technologies Relative to Launch Year % of Original Price By Year (Indexed to Year 0) Note: International Federation of Robotics Industrial Robots Installed Details on Page 289 AI Usage + Cost + Loss Growth = Unprecedented 4 Leading USA-Based AI LLM Revenue vs. Compute Expense Note: Figures

application for free. At the time, this was a revolutionary concept as most commercial 3D applications cost thousands of dollars. NaN hoped to bring professional level 3D modeling and animation tools within and the GPL When one hears about "free software", the first thing that comes to mind might be "no cost". While this is often true, the term "free software" as used by the Free Software Foundation (originators GNU General Public License) is intended to mean "free as in freedom" rather than in the sense of "no cost" (which is usually referred to as "free as in free beer" or gratis). Free software in this sense is

application for free. At the time, this was a revolutionary concept as most commercial 3D applications cost thousands of dollars. NaN hoped to bring professional level 3D modeling and animation tools within and the GPL When one hears about “free software”, the first thing that comes to mind might be “no cost”. While this is often true, the term “free software” as used by the Free Software Foundation (originators GNU General Public License) is intended to mean “free as in freedom” rather than in the sense of “no cost” (which is usually referred to as “free as in free beer” or gratis). Free software in this sense is

application for free. At the time, this was a revolutionary concept as most commercial 3D applications cost thousands of dollars. NaN hoped to bring professional level 3D modeling and animation tools within and the GPL When one hears about "free software", the first thing that comes to mind might be "no cost". While this is often true, the term "free software" as used by the Free Software Foundation (originators GNU General Public License) is intended to mean "free as in freedom" rather than in the sense of "no cost" (which is usually referred to as "free as in free beer" or gratis). Free software in this sense is

application for free. At the time, this was a revolutionary concept as most commercial 3D applications cost thousands of dollars. NaN hoped to bring professional level 3D modeling and animation tools within and the GPL When one hears about “free software”, the first thing that comes to mind might be “no cost”. While this is often true, the term “free software” as used by the Free Software Foundation (originators GNU General Public License) is intended to mean “free as in freedom” rather than in the sense of “no cost” (which is usually referred to as “free as in free beer” or gratis). Free software in this sense is

application for free. At the time, this was a revolutionary concept as most commercial 3D applications cost thousands of dollars. NaN hoped to bring professional level 3D modeling and animation tools within and the GPL When one hears about "free software", the first thing that comes to mind might be "no cost". While this is often true, the term "free software" as used by the Free Software Foundation (originators GNU General Public License) is intended to mean "free as in freedom" rather than in the sense of "no cost" (which is usually referred to as "free as in free beer" or gratis). Free software in this sense is

application for free. At the time, this was a revolutionary concept as most commercial 3D applications cost thousands of dollars. NaN hoped to bring professional level 3D modeling and animation tools within and the GPL When one hears about “free software”, the first thing that comes to mind might be “no cost”. While this is often true, the term “free software” as used by the Free Software Foundation (originators GNU General Public License) is intended to mean “free as in freedom” rather than in the sense of “no cost” (which is usually referred to as “free as in free beer” or gratis). Free software in this sense is

application for free. At the time, this was a revolutionary concept as most commercial 3D applications cost thousands of dollars. NaN hoped to bring professional level 3D modeling and animation tools within and the GPL When one hears about “free software”, the first thing that comes to mind might be “no cost”. While this is often true, the term “free software” as used by the Free Software Foundation (originators GNU General Public License) is intended to mean “free as in freedom” rather than in the sense of “no cost” (which is usually referred to as “free as in free beer” or gratis). Free software in this sense is

application for free. At the time, this was a revolutionary concept as most commercial 3D applications cost thousands of dollars. NaN hoped to bring professional level 3D modeling and animation tools within and the GPL When one hears about "free software", the first thing that comes to mind might be "no cost". While this is often true, the term "free software" as used by the Free Software Foundation (originators GNU General Public License) is intended to mean "free as in freedom" rather than in the sense of "no cost" (which is usually referred to as "free as in free beer" or gratis). Free software in this sense is