a structure. Structures support many of the same behaviors as classes, including methods and initializers. One of the most important differences between structures and classes is that structures are has to be a type for which UInt16 provides an initializer. Extending existing types to provide initializers that accept new types (including your own type definitions) is covered in Extensions. ​ Integer functionality related to the values the enumeration represents. Enumerations can also define initializers to provide an initial member value; can be extended to expand their functionality beyond their

create a structure. Structures support many of the same behaviors as classes, including methods and initializers. One of the most important differences between structures and classes is that structures are always has to be a type for which UInt16 provides an initializer. Extending existing types to provide initializers that accept new types (including your own type definitions) is covered in Extensions. Integer provide functionality related to the values the enumeration represents. Enumerations can also define initializers to provide an initial case value; can be extended to expand their functionality beyond their original

Library  Semaphores, efficient atomic waiting, latches, and barriers  std::atomic_ref  Designated Initializers  Spaceship Operator <=>  Range-based for Loop Initializer  Non-Type Template Parameters while std::atomic always copies the value it is providedMany More New Features…47 Designated Initializers  Designated initialization of aggregates  E.g.: struct Data { int anInt { 0 }; std::string <=>  vector, string, map, set, sub_match, …  Example:53 Range-based for Loop Initializer  Initializers for switch statements (C++17): struct Foo { int value; int result; }; Foo GetData() { return

are executed in the same order as they appear in the class body, interleaved with the property initializers: class InitOrderDemo(name: String) { val firstProperty = "First property: $name".also(::println) primary constructor can be used in the initializer blocks. They can also be used in property initializers declared in the class body: Classes and Inheritance Classes Constructors 76 class Customer(name: designing a base class, you should therefore avoid using open members in the constructors, property initializers, and init blocks. Code in a derived class can call its superclass functions and property accessors

chars, floats, or pointers, or arrays/structs of POD. The order in which class constructors and initializers for static variables are called is only partially specified in C++ and can even change from build extensions include GCC’s __attribute__, intrinsic functions such as __builtin_prefetch, designated initializers (e.g. Foo f = {.field = 3}), inline assembly, __COUNTER__, __PRETTY_FUNCTION__, compound provide useful features that do not exist in standard C++. For example, some people think that designated initializ- ers are more readable than standard C++ features like constructors. • Important performance

are executed in the same order as they appear in the class body, interleaved with the property initializers: Classes and Inheritance Classes Constructors 103 class InitOrderDemo(name: String) { primary constructor can be used in the initializer blocks. They can also be used in property initializers declared in the class body: class Customer(name: String) { val customerKey = name.toUpperCase() designing a base class, you should therefore avoid using open members in the constructors, property initializers, and init blocks. Code in a derived class can call its superclass functions and property accessors

calls through utilizing combination of : ▪POD structs -- structs with data members only ▪designated initializers -- initializing a struct with: { .field = value } ▪structured binding -- disaggregating no room for accidentally switching the road state -- There is only one. // the .= syntax is a designated initializer used to assign POD values auto result = processCarStateTransition({ .car = Car::FastSportsCar

}Limitations of struct u No static reflection u No static generation u No required members u Designated initializers required to be in order (in C++ not C)No static reflection u Although there is a way to

Arguments • A recurring request • Prior efforts exist, e.g.: N4172 • There are workarounds with designated initializers 140P2966 requests: miscellaneous • SoA to AoS • Arrays of structs (AoS) make it easier

the comma if you manipulate elements. It simplifies code generation, for example, for object initializers. The last element can also have a comma. Trailing commas are entirely optional – your code will are executed in the same order as they appear in the class body, interleaved with the property initializers: //sampleStart class InitOrderDemo(name: String) { val firstProperty = "First property: $name" constructor parameters can be used in the initializer blocks. They can also be used in property initializers declared in the class body: class Customer(name: String) { val customerKey = name.uppercase()