DeepSeek-V2: A Strong, Economical, and Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Language Model DeepSeek-AI research@deepseek.com Abstract We present DeepSeek-V2, a strong Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) language model significantly compressing the Key-Value (KV) cache into a latent vector, while DeepSeekMoE enables training strong models at an economical cost through sparse computation. Compared with DeepSeek 67B, DeepSeek-V2 Comparison of Key-Value Cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2 DeepSeekMoE: Training Strong Models at Economical Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2.1 Basic Architecture . . . . . . . . .

bool empty() const; ... 60Strong contracts simplify code 61© 2023 Adobe. All Rights Reserved. What's in a “strong contract?” | Tradeoffs 62 weak strong class invariant© 2023 Adobe. All Rights Rights Reserved. What's in a “strong contract?” | Tradeoffs 62 weak strong class invariant high representational flexibility harder to reason about e.g. xml_document© 2023 Adobe. All Rights Reserved Reserved. What's in a “strong contract?” | Tradeoffs 62 weak strong class invariant high representational flexibility harder to reason about e.g. xml_document low representational flexibility

members, you will create a strong reference cycle between the closure and the instance. Swift uses capture lists to break these strong reference cycles. For more information, see Strong Reference Cycles for makes a strong reference to the instance. The reference is called a “strong“ reference because it keeps a firm hold on that instance, and does not allow it to be deallocated for as long as that strong reference assigned to the reference1 variable, there is now a strong reference from reference1 to the new Person instance. Because there is at least one strong reference, ARC makes sure that this Person is kept

members, you will create a strong reference cycle between the closure and the instance. Swift uses capture lists to break these strong reference cycles. For more information, see Strong Reference Cycles for instance of a class. Capturing self in an escaping closure makes it easy to accidentally create a strong reference cycle. For information about reference cycles, see Automatic Reference Counting. Normally track the progress of a DiceGame. To prevent strong reference cycles, delegates are declared as weak references. For information about weak references, see Strong Reference Cycles Between Class Instances.

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failed operations can result in side effects, but all objects under mutation must be discardable. Strong exception safety. Partial execution of failed operations cannot result in side effects. All objects // Has the strong exception safety guarantee void strong(Foo&); x = /*…*/; try{ minimal(x); } catch(…) { } x = /*…*/; try{ strong(x); } // Has the strong exception safety guarantee void strong(Foo&); x = /*…*/; try{ minimal(x); } catch(…) { } x = /*…*/; try{ strong(x); }

Guarantees 49 Basic Exception Safety Guarantee Invariants are preserved No resources are leaked Strong Exception Safety Guarantee Invariants are preserved No resources are leaked No state change resources Basic Exception Safety Guarantee Invariants are preserved No resources are leaked Strong Exception Safety Guarantee Invariants are preserved No resources are leaked No state change resources Basic Exception Safety Guarantee Invariants are preserved No resources are leaked Strong Exception Safety Guarantee Invariants are preserved No resources are leaked No state change

wait-free algorithms will make use of atomic read-modify-write operations: • compare_exchange_weak/strong(expected, desired): Atomically replaces the current value with desired if current equals expected (counter.fetch_sub(1) == 1) { uint64_t e = 0; return counter.compare_exchange_strong(e, is_zero); } return false; } std::atomic counter{1}; }; (counter.fetch_sub(1) == 1) { uint64_t e = 0; return counter.compare_exchange_strong(e, is_zero); } return false; } std::atomic counter{1}; };21

Bay - charleyb123 at gmail dot com The Roles of Symmetry And Orthogonality In Design cppcon 2021 (Strong!) Object Lifecycle Symmetry The #1 Reason to go to C++ (from C): C Memory is a “Bucket of bits” Well-defined: Type punning, ptr-casting, memory copying C++ Memory holds Objects Well-defined: (Very!) Strong Object Model (ctor…dtor), explicit rules coercing among types within the type systemCharley Bay In Design cppcon 2021 Relationship Strength Given A, I know B • Example: B is computed from A Strong Relationship (is guaranteed) Useful and Robust!Charley Bay - charleyb123 at gmail dot com The Roles