Photorealistic, Physics based. ● Multi-threaded. ● Made with a game engine. ● Long development cycles. ● Large, complex codebases.But the structure of a game is *roughly the same*Renderer Start End 6 7 1 2 3 4 No cycles!Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 Valid No cycles!Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 Valid No cycles!Directed Acyclic Graph No cycles!Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 Valid Cycles!!! No cycles!Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 Valid Invalid Cycles!!! No cycles!Sorting

demonstrate it is also relevant for small objects. • In languages like Coq and Lean, we do not have cycles. • Easy to interface with C, C++ and Rust. Resurrection hypothesis Many objects die just before What about cycles? • Inductive datatypes in Lean are acyclic. • We can implement co-inductive datatypes without creating cycles. • Only unsafe code in Lean can create cycles. • Cycles are overrated

executing instructions. Each instruction takes a specific number of M-cycles, with each M-cycle typically equating to 4 T-cycles. 21T-Cycle vs M-Cycle • T-Cycle: Tick Cycle (also called Machine Cycle executing instructions. Each instruction takes a specific number of M-cycles, with each M-cycle typically equating to 4 T-cycles. 22A toy example… Let’s pick a simple game and just implement that…

loops Fast feedback cycles boost development con�dence and productivity. Moving high-level tests out of the developer loop results in slow and inef�cient application life- cycles.16 Aurora Innovation Continuously: Measure developer experience and productivity. Monitor changes to developer feedback cycles. Track the effectiveness of existing testing practices. Extract real-time insights about software Trustworthy The self-driving enterprise is trustworthy.79 Aurora Innovation Conclusion Fast feedback cycles improve developer experience and boost productivity. Continuous regression testing facilitates changing

may still consume CPU cycles!19/55 Threads - Evaluation Thread creation is CPU and memory intensive Thread switching is expensive Blocked threads may still consume CPU cycles! Shared data must be is CPU and memory intensive Thread switching is expensive Blocked threads may still consume CPU cycles! Shared data must be synchronized correctly. ...19/55 Threads - Evaluation Thread creation is is CPU and memory intensive Thread switching is expensive Blocked threads may still consume CPU cycles! Shared data must be synchronized correctly. ... Not a solution that scales well. Can be a good

the instance. Swift uses capture lists to break these strong reference cycles. For more information, see Strong Reference Cycles for Closures. ​ Closures Are Reference Types In the example above, incrementBySeven ovenLight is now equal to .Off This example defines an enumeration for a three-state switch. The switch cycles between three different power states (Off, Low and High) every time its next method is called. instance: 1 reference3 = nil 2 // prints "John Appleseed is being deinitialized" ​ Strong Reference Cycles Between Class Instances In the examples above, ARC is able to track the number of references to

creating threads) is very costly - At least 200 cycles: 200 additions - 3GHz = 1 cycle every 0.33 ns - 1 us = 3000 cycles - 1 ms = 3 000 000 cycles - https://gist.github.com/jboner/2841832 “Latency

the instance. Swift uses capture lists to break these strong reference cycles. For more information, see Strong Reference Cycles for Closures. PDF conversion courtesy of www.appsdissected.com Closures closure makes it easy to accidentally create a strong reference cycle. For information about reference cycles, see Automatic Reference Counting. Normally, a closure captures variables implicitly by using them ovenLight is now equal to .off This example defines an enumeration for a three-state switch. The switch cycles between three different power states (off, low and high) every time its next() method is called.

linkedin.com/in/alexdathskovsky •The number of cycles it takes to compute an instruction •Errors, misalignment, and cache misses might increase the cycles count •NAN’s and INFS do not increase the cyclesWHAT dathskovsky@speedata.io | www.linkedin.com/in/alexdathskovsky •ADD – 1 cycle (not piped) •IMUL – 3 cycles •DIV – at least x20 time slower than imul (depending on the architecture)WHAT IS LATENCY: PIPES

an interior value, and the borrowing rules apply at runtime instead of compile time • Reference cycles, how they can leak memory, and how to prevent them Let’s dive in! 3.1 Box Points to Data on this function is named strong_count in the section later in this chapter about preventing reference cycles. Filename: src/main.rs 403 # enum List { # Cons(i32, Rc), # Nil, # } # # use List::{Cons standard library docs for more details on the differences between these types. 3.6 Creating Reference Cycles and Leaking Memory is Safe Rust makes a number of guarantees that we’ve talked about, for exam-