在一个集中点对外部访问进行控制） • Service discovery • Load balancing • Time out • Retries • Circuit breaker • Routing • Auth • Telemetry collecting 外部流量出口 外部流量入口 Pilot 2 Istio 流量管理 – 控制面 两类数据： q 服务数据（Mesh 中有哪些服务？缺省路由） } ] } ], } Envoy Filter AwesomeRPC Filter • Decoding/encoding • Parsing header • Routing • Load balancing • Circuit breaker • Fault injection • Telemetry collecting Reviews v1 Reviews v2 代码中维护众多七层协议的代价较大 12 Istio 协议扩展：常见七层协议的路由 Protocol Destination service Parameters could be used for routing HTTP 1.1 host host, path，method headers HTTP 2 pseudo header: authority pseudo header: authority

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 8.2 Message Routing Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 9 Message provide temporary offline, low-latency computing services, and in- clude device connect, message routing, remote synchronization, function computing, video access pre-processing, AI inference, device resources to a set of running programs that managed by Baetyl to provide specific functions such as message routing services, function computing services, micro-services, etc. • Instance: Refers to the specific running

Workflow Connection Test Message transferring among devices with Local Hub Service Workflow Message Routing Test Message handling with Local Function Service Workflow Message Handling Test Message Synchronize can provide temporary offline, low-latency computing services, and include device connect, message routing, remote synchronization, function computing, video access pre-processing, AI inference, device resources to a set of running programs that managed by Baetyl to provide specific functions such as message routing services, function computing services, micro-services, etc. Instance: Refers to the specific running

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 8.2 Message Routing Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 9 Message provide temporary offline, low-latency computing services, and in- clude device connect, message routing, remote synchronization, function computing, video access pre-processing, AI inference, device resources to a set of running programs that managed by Baetyl to provide specific functions such as message routing services, function computing services, micro-services, etc. • Instance: Refers to the specific running

can provide temporary offline, low-latency computing services, and include device connect, message routing, remote synchronization, function computing, video access pre-processing, AI inference, device resources to a set of running programs that managed by Baetyl to provide specific functions such as message routing services, function computing services, micro-services, etc. Instance: Refers to the specific running agent service for status reporting and application OTA. baetyl-hub: Provides an MQTT-based message routing service. baetyl-remote-mqtt: Provides a bridge services for synchronizing messages between Hub and

microservices ● Majority of services written in Go #IstioCon Architecture Overview - Discovery and Routing ● Service Discovery and Configuration using Consul ● HTTP/TCP traffic via HAProxy ● gRPC blast radius ● Discover Pods for controlled and predictable routing/load balancing ● Improve performance and resilience ● Stricter zonal routing ● Capability for service authentication and authorisation Export metrics to central prometheus ● Outlier detection for better reliability ● Enable Zonal routing, zonal deployment and HPA ● Endpoint accessed by service via config #IstioCon Latency improvement

本质是一个负载均衡器 • ClusterIP提供集群内的访问 • NodePort 提供集群外部的访问 iptables mode • 在netfilter pre-routing阶段做DNAT • 在netfilter post-routing阶段做SNAT • 每个service 添加一条或多条rules。使用数组管理rules。 • 仅支持随机的调度算法 • kube-proxy代码实现比较简单 IPVS 对conntrack的功能依赖 • Iptables SNAT • 具体如何绕过conntrack？ • 进报文 • 将处理请求的钩子从nf local-in 前移到nf pre-routing • skb的路由指针是NULL • 处理分片 • 出报文 • 本来的逻辑： • Nf local out -> ip_output -> NF postrouting -> ip_finish_output 为请求1分配了lport=cport • 很快Iptables SNAT 为请求2分配了同样的lport • Conntrack Post routing 函数中，将请求1的lport插入conntrack，成功！ • Conntrack Post routing 函数中，将请求2的lport插入conntrack，失败，丢包，导致延迟。 • 解决方法 • eBPF代码在分配lport和插入ha

ConfigMap，为用户定义的工作负载监控配置 Prometheus、Prometheus Operator 和 Thanos Ruler。 您还可以授予用户权限来为用户定义的项目配置警报路由： alert-routing-edit 集群角色授予用户权限来为项目创建、更新和删除 AlertmanagerConfig 自 定义资源。 本节详细介绍了如何使用 OpenShift Container Platform AlertmanagerConfig 资源将成为 Alertmanager 配置的一部分。 6.2. 为用户定义的项目启用警报路由 您可以为用户定义的项目启用警报路由。通过这样做，您可以启用具有 alert-routing-edit 角色的用户， 以在 Alertmanager 中为用户定义的项目配置警报路由和接收器。 先决条件 先决条件 您已为用户定义的项目启用了监控。 您可以使用具有 cluster-admin 流程 将 alert-routing-edit 集群角色分配给用户定义的项目中的用户： 对于 ，替换用户定义的项目的命名空间，如 ns1。对于 ，替换您要 为其分配该角色的帐户的用户名。 6.4. 为用户定义的项目禁用警报路由 如果为用户定义的项目启用了警报路由，您可以禁用它。通过这样做，您可以防止具有 alert-routing- edit 角色的用户在

with updated ip routing rules Networking lifecycle (Istio CNI) Kubelet Start a pausing pod Kubelet invoke CNI plugins CNI plugins setup ip for pod Istio CNI install isidecar network routing rule to workload started in here and bypassing istio sidecar proxy(race condition) Istio CNI install sidecar network routing rule to workload iptable Issue in Istio CNI Kubelet Start a pausing pod Kubelet invoke CNI plugins started in here and bypassing istio sidecar proxy(race condition) Istio CNI install sidecar network routing rule to workload iptable Issue in Istio CNI Could happen in suddenly increased nodes and premptable

provide access to kubectl from the Rancher UI itself. • The Rancher load balancer allows traffic routing from hosts to Kubernetes services and pods 2.4.1 Infrastructure Visibility The Rancher UI WITH RANCHER If you choose to edit the load balancer, you’ll see more options around scaling, routing etc. The load balancer created by Rancher uses haproxy, and allows for additional configuration AND SCALING KUBERNETES WITH RANCHER As you can see, a load balancer and appropriate routing has been created by Rancher based on ingress rules definition. If we now click the Host IP at port