elsewhere. This simple ATOM program instruments all of an (already compiled) program’s load and store instructions, adding a call to a function before each. Therefore, ATOM disassembles a program, instruments memory), or simulate details such as non-architectural state (shadow registers, etc), timing of instructions, caches, memory, etc. This is very slow to interpret. Embra is the first machine simulator to from original source to IR. Also, some IRs have easier to analyze structure Such as: * “Which instructions use this result?” * “What is the control flow that leads here?”— 2006 Design of the Java HotSpot

Registers x1-x31 and the PC are 32 bits wide in RV32I and 64 in RV64I (x0=0). RV64I adds 12 instructions for the wider data. Every 16-bit RVC instruction maps to an existing 32-bit RISC-V instruction Reference Card xx +RV64I Base Integer Instructions: RV32I and RV64I RV Privileged Instructions SRLI rd,rd,imm BEQ rs1',x0,imm BNE rs1',x0,imm JAL x0,imm 32-bit RISC-V calling convention and five optional extensions: 8 RV32M; 11 RV32A; 34 floating-point instructions each for 32- and 64-bit data (RV32F, RV32D); and 53 RV32V. Using regex notation, {} means set

reliable on modern CPUs. ● We’ll use simple examples, so that we can just compare the number of instructions generated by a compiler. 13“… machine code … can range from 10s to 100s of megabytes in size sum_12_3 9 instructions 7 instructions 9 instructions sum_13_2 10 instructions 8 instructions 10 instructions sum_23_1 11 instructions 9 instructions 12 instructions sum_21_3 12 instructions 10 instructions instructions 12 instructions 130sum_12_3 sum_13_2 push rbx mov ebx, edx call sum(int, int) mov esi, ebx pop rbx mov edi, eax jmp sum(int, int) push rbx mov ebx, esi mov esi, edx call sum(int

de ponto flutuante em C. ISA ARM-32 ARM Thumb-2 MIPS-32 microMIPS x86-32 RV32FD RV32FD+RV32C Instructions 10 10 12 12 16 11 11 Per Loop 6 6 7 7 6 7 7 Bytes 40 28 48 32 50 44 28 Figura 5.8: Número de x u . d , a m o m a x u . w , a m o m i n . d , a m o m i n . w e a m o m i n u . d . RISC-V INSTRUCTIONS: AMOADD.D 129 a d d r d , r s 1 , r s 2 x [ r d ] = x [ r s 1 ] + x [ r s 2 ] Add. R-type, RV32I para t. 31 27 26 25 24 20 19 15 14 12 11 7 6 0 00000 aq rl rs2 rs1 011 rd 0101111 130 RISC-V INSTRUCTIONS: AMOADD.W a m o a d d . w r d , r s 2 , ( r s 1 ) x [ r d ] = A M O 3 2 ( M [ x [ r s 1 ] ] +

只考虑⼀种数据类型，故省略每个数据的类型，只保留名称和数量 4. params : List[String]; result : Int; locals : List[String] 5. instructions : List[Instruction] 6. } 程序 1. struct Program { 2. functions : List[Function] 3. start : name: "add", // 加法函数 8. params: List::["a", "b"], result: 1, locals: List::[], 9. instructions: List::[Local_Get("a"), Local_Get("b"), Add], 10. }, 11. 12. Function::{ 13. name: params: List::[], result: 0, locals: List::[], // ⼊⼝函数⽆输⼊⽆输出 15. // “print_int"为特殊函数 16. instructions: List::[Const(0), Const(1), Call("add"), Call("print_int")], 17. }, 18. ], 19. } 15 程序整体架构

Chapter 4. Contributors welcome conda, Release 24.5.1.dev1 Regular installation Follow the instructions for your operating system: • Windows • macOS • Linux Installing in silent mode You can use for deployment or testing or building services, such as GitHub Actions. Follow the silent-mode instructions for your operating system: • Windows • macOS • Linux Cryptographic hash verification SHA-256 installer for Windows 2. Verify your installer hashes. 3. Double-click the .exe file. 4. Follow the instructions on the screen. If you are unsure about any setting, accept the defaults. You can change them

g. /Users/my-username/conda or C:\Users\my-username\conda). Regular installation Follow the instructions for your operating system: • Windows • macOS • Linux Installing in silent mode You can use for deployment or testing or building services, such as GitHub Actions. Follow the silent-mode instructions for your operating system: • Windows • macOS • Linux 4.1. User guide 13 conda, Release 25 installer for Windows 2. Verify your installer hashes. 3. Double-click the .exe file. 4. Follow the instructions on the screen. If you are unsure about any setting, accept the defaults. You can change them

g. /Users/my-username/conda or C:\Users\my-username\conda). Regular installation Follow the instructions for your operating system: • Windows • macOS • Linux Installing in silent mode You can use for deployment or testing or building services, such as GitHub Actions. Follow the silent-mode instructions for your operating system: • Windows • macOS • Linux 4.1. User guide 13 conda, Release 24 installer for Windows 2. Verify your installer hashes. 3. Double-click the .exe file. 4. Follow the instructions on the screen. If you are unsure about any setting, accept the defaults. You can change them

g. /Users/my-username/conda or C:\Users\my-username\conda). Regular installation Follow the instructions for your operating system: • Windows • macOS • Linux Installing in silent mode You can use for deployment or testing or building services, such as GitHub Actions. Follow the silent-mode instructions for your operating system: • Windows • macOS • Linux 4.1. User guide 13 conda, Release 24 installer for Windows 2. Verify your installer hashes. 3. Double-click the .exe file. 4. Follow the instructions on the screen. If you are unsure about any setting, accept the defaults. You can change them

g. /Users/my-username/conda or C:\Users\my-username\conda). Regular installation Follow the instructions for your operating system: • Windows • macOS • Linux Installing in silent mode You can use for deployment or testing or building services, such as GitHub Actions. Follow the silent-mode instructions for your operating system: • Windows • macOS • Linux Cryptographic hash verification SHA-256 installer for Windows 2. Verify your installer hashes. 3. Double-click the .exe file. 4. Follow the instructions on the screen. If you are unsure about any setting, accept the defaults. You can change them