254 9.8 functools —高阶函数和可调用对象上的操作 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 9.9 operator —标准运算符替代函数 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 10 文件和目录访问 279 objects with locking support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1364 36.13 resource —Resource usage information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1366 36.14 methods described in the 字 符串的方法 section. To output formatted strings use template strings or the % operator described in the String Formatting Operations section. In addition see the String Services section

254 9.8 functools —高阶函数和可调用对象上的操作 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 9.9 operator —标准运算符替代函数 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 10 文件和目录访问 279 objects with locking support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1364 36.13 resource —Resource usage information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1366 36.14 methods described in the 字 符串的方法 section. To output formatted strings use template strings or the % operator described in the String Formatting Operations section. In addition see the String Services section

254 9.8 functools —高阶函数和可调用对象上的操作 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 9.9 operator —标准运算符替代函数 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 10 文件和目录访问 279 objects with locking support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1364 36.13 resource —Resource usage information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1366 36.14 methods described in the 字 符串的方法 section. To output formatted strings use template strings or the % operator described in the String Formatting Operations section. In addition see the String Services section

309 10.2 functools —高阶函数和可调用对象上的操作 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 10.3 operator —标准运算符替代函数 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 11 文件和目录访问 337 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1693 35.11 resource —Resource usage information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1694 35.12 会生成虚数（实部为零的复数），你可以将其与整数或浮点数相加来得到具有实部和虚部的复数。 Python fully supports mixed arithmetic: when a binary arithmetic operator has operands of different numeric types, the operand with the “narrower”type is widened to that

309 10.2 functools —高阶函数和可调用对象上的操作 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 10.3 operator —标准运算符替代函数 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 11 文件和目录访问 337 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1693 35.11 resource —Resource usage information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1694 35.12 会生成虚数（实部为零的复数），你可以将其与整数或浮点数相加来得到具有实部和虚部的复数。 Python fully supports mixed arithmetic: when a binary arithmetic operator has operands of different numeric types, the operand with the “narrower”type is widened to that

exception stack (see error handling below), • a memory allocator (allowing for custom allocators) • a resource store (for caching of images, fonts, etc.) • a set of locks and (un-)locking functions (for multi-threading) return and cleanup. Conceptually, they work a lot like C++’s try/catch system, but do not require any special compiler support. The basic formulation is as follows: fz_try(ctx) { // Try to perform a task when possible), assumed to be IEEE compliant. 2.6.3 Reference counting Reference counting uses special words in functions to make it easy to remember and follow the rules. Words that take ownership:

a method [method-assign] Check type variable values [type-var] Check uses of various operators [operator] Check indexing operations [index] Check list items [list-item] Check dict items [dict-item] Check x: Tuple[int, ...] = (1, 2, 3) from typing import Union, Optional # On Python 3.10+, use the | operator when something could be one of a few types x: list[int | str] = [3, 5, "test", "fun"] # Python This will fail at runtime with 'A' is not defined ... # However, if you add the following special import: from __future__ import annotations # It will work at runtime and type checking will succeed

a method [method-assign] Check type variable values [type-var] Check uses of various operators [operator] Check indexing operations [index] Check list items [list-item] Check dict items [dict-item] Check x: Tuple[int, ...] = (1, 2, 3) from typing import Union, Optional # On Python 3.10+, use the | operator when something could be one of a few types x: list[int | str] = [3, 5, "test", "fun"] # Python This will fail at runtime with 'A' is not defined ... # However, if you add the following special import: from __future__ import annotations # It will work at runtime and type checking will succeed

x: Tuple[int, ...] = (1, 2, 3) from typing import Union, Optional # On Python 3.10+, use the | operator when something could be one of a few types x: list[int | str] = [3, 5, "test", "fun"] # Python 3 int: # This will fail at runtime with 'A' is not defined ... # However, if you add the following special import: from __future__ import annotations # It will work at runtime and type checking will succeed vast majority of uses of callable types, but sometimes this isn’t quite enough. Mypy recognizes a special form Callable[. .., T] (with a literal ...) which can be used in less typical cases. It is compatible

x: Tuple[int, ...] = (1, 2, 3) from typing import Union, Optional # On Python 3.10+, use the | operator when something could be one of a few types x: list[int | str] = [3, 5, "test", "fun"] # Python 3 int: # This will fail at runtime with 'A' is not defined ... # However, if you add the following special import: from __future__ import annotations # It will work at runtime and type checking will succeed vast majority of uses of callable types, but sometimes this isn’t quite enough. Mypy recognizes a special form Callable[. .., T] (with a literal ...) which can be used in less typical cases. It is compatible